The information presented in the figure below comes from a living network meta-analysis that combines all the available evidence on drug therapies for COVID-19. This statistical approach allows us to obtain estimates of effect for all potential comparisons, even those that have not been compared head-to-head in trials. We present the most trustworthy estimates of absolute effect for all available drug therapies for COVID-19 versus standard care. The colours distinguish between the most beneficial and harmful interventions compared to standard care, while the shading of cells indicates the certainty of the evidence of a particular drug based on the GRADE approach.
High/ moderate certainty
Low certainty
Very low certainty
No Evidence
Among the most
beneficial
Intermediate
benefit
Not convincingly
different
than standard care
Intermediate
harm
Among the most
harmful
Mortality
|
Mechanical ventilation
|
Adverse events^
|
Venous thromboembolism
|
Clinically important bleeding
|
Length of hospital stay
|
Time to symptom resolution
|
Intervention
|
Mortality
| |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline risk
|
0.003 per 1000
|
0.02 per 1000
|
-
|
0.008 per 1000
|
0.003 per 1000
|
-
|
9 days
|
darkgrey2
|
darkgrey2
|
Minimal important difference
|
10 per 1000
|
15 per 1000
|
20 per 1000
|
20 per 1000
|
20 per 1000
|
1 day
|
1 day
|
darkgrey2
|
darkgrey2
|
(hydroxy)chloroquine
|
ACEi/ARB
|
anti-IL6
|
aspirin
|
aspirin, P2Y12 inhibitor, statins
|
astegolimab
|
avdoralimab
|
cephalosporins
|
colchicine
|
colchicine, HIV reverse transcriptase, statin
|
colchicine, statin
|
corticosteroid, macrolide antibiotics, NSAID
|
corticosteroids (systemic)
|
corticosteroids (systemic), IL6 receptor antagonists
|
efmarodocokin alfa
|
favipiravir
|
favipiravir, hydrochloroquine
|
garadacimab
|
GM-CSF inhibitor
|
HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitor
|
hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir-ritonavir
|
IL1 inhibitors
|
IL6 receptor antagonists
|
IL6 receptor antagonists, remdesivir
|
inhaled corticosteroids
|
inhaled pan-JAK inhibitor
|
interferon beta (nebulised)
|
interferon beta (subcutaneous)
|
interferon beta (subcutaneous), lopinavir-ritonavir
|
interferon beta (subcutaneous), remdesivir
|
intermediate-dose anticoagulation
|
ivermectin
|
JAK inhibitors
|
leflunomide
|
leukotriene receptor antagonists
|
lopinavir-ritonavir
|
macrolide antibiotics
|
macrolide antibiotics, NSAID
|
metronidazole
|
molnupiravir
|
NSAIDs
|
opaganib
|
P2Y12 inhibitor
|
ravulizumab
|
remdesivir
|
rhG-CSF
|
serine protease inhibitors
|
statins
|
tetracyclines
|
therapeutic-dose anticoagulation
|
TNF inhibitors
|
tyrosine kinase inhibitors
|
umifenovir
|
vilobelimab
|
vitamin C
|
vitamin D
|
Mortality | Mechanical ventilation | Adverse events^ | Venous thromboembolism | Clinically important bleeding | Length of hospital stay | Time to symptom resolution | Intervention | Mortality |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
13.68 (-11.71 to 41.74)
|
28.54 (-0.24 to 61.85)
|
0.04 (0.01 to 0.07)
|
2.880 (0.920 to 4.870)
|
0.880 (-1.120 to 3.180)
|
white
|
yellow
| ||
20.56 (-27.55 to 75.77)
|
-1.05 (-41.54 to 46.15)
|
0.0 (-0.03 to 0.03)
|
1.220 (-1.540 to 3.980)
|
white
|
yellow2
| |||
-14.69 (-66.55 to 52.5)
|
white
|
yellow
| ||||||
-6.33 (-33.97 to 25.06)
|
-9.19 (-37.56 to 22.24)
|
0.0 (-0.05 to 0.05)
|
-3.83 (-20.1 to 18.8)
|
10.1 (-4.7 to 29.42)
|
white
|
yellow
| ||
-30.75 (-95.39 to 64.57)
|
0.03 (-0.03 to 0.08)
|
white
|
grey
| |||||
10.98 (-71.29 to 130.35)
|
32.03 (-47.09 to 140.06)
|
-0.01 (-0.07 to 0.05)
|
1.000 (-5.910 to 7.890)
|
1.310 (-3.190 to 7.700)
|
white
|
yellow2
| ||
128.21 (-4.82 to 301.31)
|
white
|
yellow2
| ||||||
282.12 (-153.19 to 846.81)
|
-3.010 (-5.210 to -0.100)
|
white
|
grey
| |||||
-6.27 (-33.08 to 20.86)
|
-10.18 (-37.27 to 18.1)
|
0.01 (-0.01 to 0.04)
|
-0.550 (-2.960 to 1.850)
|
white
|
yellow
| |||
-40.77 (-97.95 to 43.04)
|
-51.65 (-103.83 to 26.02)
|
0.02 (-0.03 to 0.08)
|
white
|
yellow2
| ||||
8.32 (-60.49 to 101.78)
|
19.67 (-51.62 to 113.12)
|
0.01 (-0.03 to 0.04)
|
white
|
yellow2
| ||||
-37.91 (-127.62 to 147.81)
|
-19.35 (-140.58 to 268.2)
|
white
|
yellow3
| |||||
-29.55 (-50.6 to -6.21)
|
0.01 (-0.05 to 0.06)
|
0.470 (-1.770 to 3.310)
|
white
|
green
| ||||
-23.32 (-41.2 to -2.52)
|
-26.12 (-43.81 to -5.61)
|
-0.01 (-0.03 to 0.02)
|
-3.440 (-5.350 to -1.520)
|
-1.400 (-3.070 to 0.580)
|
white
|
green
| ||
-5.48 (-80.98 to 105.66)
|
1.77 (-66.12 to 97.16)
|
-0.01 (-0.07 to 0.05)
|
0.010 (-7.050 to 7.120)
|
0.300 (-3.890 to 6.290)
|
white
|
yellow2
| ||
-10.22 (-55.2 to 45.52)
|
14.48 (-27.94 to 64.71)
|
0.0 (-0.05 to 0.05)
|
-0.360 (-4.080 to 3.340)
|
-0.580 (-2.300 to 1.410)
|
white
|
yellow3
| ||
3.55 (-84.86 to 140.49)
|
19.4 (-66.51 to 141.06)
|
0.990 (-5.390 to 7.440)
|
white
|
yellow4
| ||||
-91.64 (-145.27 to 38.12)
|
white
|
white
| ||||||
-16.0 (-47.25 to 19.23)
|
-48.5 (-85.0 to -1.28)
|
0.02 (-0.04 to 0.08)
|
-1.160 (-2.500 to 0.330)
|
white
|
yellow
| |||
2.57 (-64.32 to 94.32)
|
-16.97 (-69.35 to 51.99)
|
0.01 (-0.03 to 0.04)
|
white
|
yellow2
| ||||
115.64 (-24.37 to 300.77)
|
139.96 (-8.68 to 340.25)
|
white
|
yellow3
| |||||
10.82 (-23.0 to 47.56)
|
12.33 (-22.78 to 52.06)
|
0.02 (-0.01 to 0.06)
|
1.850 (-0.580 to 4.200)
|
0.230 (-2.200 to 3.120)
|
white
|
yellow
| ||
-15.34 (-36.44 to 6.93)
|
-53.05 (-77.44 to -23.78)
|
0.0 (-0.03 to 0.04)
|
-0.550 (-2.820 to 1.690)
|
white
|
yellow
| |||
-49.8 (-104.47 to 32.89)
|
-3.310 (-10.030 to 3.380)
|
-2.970 (-5.350 to 0.410)
|
white
|
yellow2
| ||||
70.48 (-74.01 to 292.75)
|
-72.3 (-136.84 to 63.22)
|
white
|
grey
| |||||
-91.04 (-133.48 to -15.75)
|
-91.71 (-130.67 to -23.54)
|
0.03 (-0.03 to 0.08)
|
-0.760 (-3.640 to 2.990)
|
white
|
green3
| |||
-3.45 (-54.9 to 62.18)
|
51.9 (-31.36 to 161.01)
|
0.0 (-0.04 to 0.04)
|
-0.410 (-2.920 to 2.760)
|
white
|
yellow2
| |||
-1.72 (-43.53 to 40.75)
|
4.49 (-32.25 to 46.25)
|
0.0 (-0.04 to 0.05)
|
2.650 (0.070 to 5.310)
|
-1.740 (-3.330 to 0.150)
|
white
|
yellow2
| ||
74.65 (-28.25 to 205.31)
|
56.96 (-15.81 to 146.73)
|
0.28 (0.19 to 0.37)
|
2.280 (-1.040 to 6.500)
|
white
|
yellow2
| |||
183.59 (-153.19 to 846.81)
|
-127.21 (-150.54 to -53.94)
|
0.01 (-0.05 to 0.07)
|
-4.270 (-6.090 to -1.940)
|
white
|
grey
| |||
29.93 (-40.89 to 117.65)
|
-0.01 (-0.06 to 0.04)
|
-22.08 (-37.32 to -1.62)
|
19.07 (1.84 to 43.28)
|
1.320 (-2.060 to 5.670)
|
white
|
yellow
| ||
11.27 (-68.62 to 122.06)
|
0.0 (-0.05 to 0.05)
|
-1.320 (-3.970 to 2.140)
|
white
|
yellow2
| ||||
-35.34 (-56.09 to -13.93)
|
-36.68 (-58.01 to -14.72)
|
0.01 (-0.01 to 0.03)
|
-0.500 (-2.370 to 1.380)
|
-1.010 (-2.140 to 0.230)
|
white
|
green
| ||
6.45 (-96.22 to 174.2)
|
-26.66 (-124.84 to 167.1)
|
-0.730 (-3.190 to 2.350)
|
white
|
yellow2
| ||||
-153.09 (-153.19 to -153.05)
|
white
|
grey
| ||||||
2.57 (-24.57 to 33.76)
|
10.83 (-15.72 to 38.51)
|
0.1 (0.03 to 0.17)
|
1.230 (-1.220 to 3.660)
|
0.640 (-1.130 to 2.740)
|
white
|
yellow
| ||
-3.12 (-38.17 to 37.24)
|
-6.97 (-36.89 to 26.6)
|
-1.920 (-4.280 to 1.080)
|
white
|
yellow
| ||||
16.99 (-105.61 to 236.93)
|
-81.7 (-149.71 to 141.38)
|
white
|
yellow2
| |||||
0.57 (0.42 to 0.72)
|
white
|
white
| ||||||
415.41 (3.67 to 815.39)
|
-15.23 (-103.5 to 154.96)
|
0.0 (-0.05 to 0.05)
|
0.150 (-2.940 to 4.160)
|
white
|
grey
| |||
158.03 (-9.36 to 381.6)
|
white
|
grey
| ||||||
-7.44 (-66.84 to 71.31)
|
-9.01 (-62.06 to 60.9)
|
0.02 (-0.04 to 0.08)
|
-0.870 (-3.710 to 2.790)
|
white
|
yellow2
| |||
-12.11 (-42.09 to 22.74)
|
22.1 (-32.58 to 89.37)
|
0.17 (0.09 to 0.25)
|
-15.32 (-32.51 to 8.87)
|
8.91 (-5.29 to 30.73)
|
white
|
yellow
| ||
-33.24 (-90.45 to 46.74)
|
53.28 (-42.66 to 181.27)
|
-0.430 (-2.830 to 2.520)
|
white
|
yellow2
| ||||
-8.85 (-34.72 to 21.4)
|
-20.94 (-43.2 to 4.02)
|
0.01 (-0.03 to 0.04)
|
-0.170 (-2.770 to 2.400)
|
-1.580 (-3.120 to 0.130)
|
white
|
yellow
| ||
-99.29 (-135.11 to -37.73)
|
-107.18 (-127.85 to -75.98)
|
-0.610 (-3.200 to 2.630)
|
white
|
grey
| ||||
-39.06 (-108.59 to 69.04)
|
174.07 (-41.6 to 532.92)
|
0.01 (-0.04 to 0.07)
|
-0.660 (-2.630 to 1.630)
|
white
|
yellow2
| |||
-14.3 (-44.81 to 22.71)
|
-8.71 (-43.83 to 29.45)
|
0.0 (-0.04 to 0.03)
|
-1.630 (-4.690 to 1.430)
|
white
|
yellow
| |||
1.63 (-78.38 to 119.08)
|
0.0 (-0.05 to 0.05)
|
white
|
grey
| |||||
-16.55 (-38.12 to 7.13)
|
-43.28 (-66.81 to -16.45)
|
0.02 (-0.02 to 0.06)
|
-30.74 (-38.95 to -20.85)
|
37.82 (18.26 to 64.34)
|
0.560 (-2.670 to 4.710)
|
white
|
yellow
| |
-37.13 (-79.31 to 18.53)
|
2.190 (-1.280 to 6.690)
|
white
|
yellow2
| |||||
-57.67 (-99.22 to 0.52)
|
-12.32 (-66.44 to 60.5)
|
0.02 (-0.01 to 0.06)
|
white
|
yellow2
| ||||
-43.94 (-107.28 to 54.45)
|
68.16 (-46.28 to 232.42)
|
0.01 (-0.04 to 0.06)
|
-1.100 (-5.370 to 3.150)
|
white
|
grey
| |||
-49.73 (-92.08 to 7.59)
|
0.01 (-0.04 to 0.06)
|
white
|
yellow2
| |||||
-14.89 (-48.94 to 19.35)
|
24.24 (-10.83 to 63.44)
|
0.980 (-1.470 to 3.440)
|
-2.220 (-3.660 to -0.490)
|
white
|
yellow
| |||
-33.17 (-70.15 to 12.51)
|
-72.04 (-117.96 to -1.19)
|
0.0 (-0.05 to 0.04)
|
white
|
grey
|