Summary of the effects (Non-severe) of all available interventions compared to standard care

The information presented in the figure below comes from a living network meta-analysis that combines all the available evidence on drug therapies for COVID-19. This statistical approach allows us to obtain estimates of effect for all potential comparisons, even those that have not been compared head-to-head in trials. We present the most trustworthy estimates of absolute effect for all available drug therapies for COVID-19 versus standard care. The colours distinguish between the most beneficial and harmful interventions compared to standard care, while the shading of cells indicates the certainty of the evidence of a particular drug based on the GRADE approach.

High/ moderate certainty

Low certainty

Very low certainty

No Evidence

Among the most
beneficial

Intermediate
benefit

Not convincingly
different
than standard care

Intermediate
harm

Among the most
harmful

Baseline risk tooltip
Minimal important difference tooltip
Admission to hospital
Mortality
Mechanical ventilation
Adverse events^
Venous thromboembolism
Clinically important bleeding
Length of hospital stay
Time to symptom resolution
Baseline risk
 0.03 per 1000 
 0.003 per 1000 
0.02 per 1000  
-  
0.008 per 1000  
0.003 per 1000  
 - 
 9 days 
Minimal important difference
10 per 1000
10 per 1000
15 per 1000
20 per 1000
20 per 1000
20 per 1000
1 day
1 day
(hydroxy)chloroquine
ACEi/ARB
aspirin
aspirin, statins
azinc vitality
azithromycin
azithromycin, hydroxychloroquine
colchicine
corticosteroids (systemic)
doubase C
doxycycline
doxycycline, ivermectin
ensitrelvir
favipiravir
fluvoxamine
fluvoxamine, inhaled corticosteroids
HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitor
IL6 receptor antagonists
inhaled and intranasal corticosteroid
inhaled corticosteroids
Interferon alpha
interferon beta (nebulised)
interferon beta (subcutaneous)
interferon lambda (subcutaneous)
intermediate-dose anticoagulation
ivermectin
JAK inhibitors
lopinavir-ritonavir
molnupiravir
niclosamide
nirmatrelvir-ritonavir
P2Y12 inhibitor
prophylactic-dose anticoagulation
remdesivir
serine protease inhibitors
statins
therapeutic-dose anticoagulation
umifenovir
vitamin D
VV116
Admission to hospital Mortality Mechanical ventilation Adverse events^ Venous thromboembolism Clinically important bleeding Length of hospital stay Time to symptom resolution
-1.97 (-11.61 to 11.38)
0.15 (-1.03 to 1.59)
8.72 (-4.34 to 28.73)
0.01 (0.0 to 0.03)
-0.610 (-2.180 to 0.570)
-0.690 (-1.810 to 0.560)
0.77 (-1.06 to 3.63)
-1.59 (-10.07 to 11.64)
-0.170 (-1.820 to 1.620)
-5.31 (-17.83 to 13.57)
-0.53 (-1.6 to 0.95)
-2.27 (-10.54 to 9.67)
0.0 (-0.02 to 0.02)
0.000 (-2.330 to 2.320)
0.700 (-2.410 to 4.820)
2.05 (-1.56 to 9.66)
18.22 (-9.05 to 74.9)
0.0 (-0.03 to 0.02)
0.330 (-2.020 to 2.680)
-13.0 (-27.32 to 26.47)
623.08 (-3.0 to 997.0)
-19.62 (-20.0 to -16.18)
3.07 (-12.27 to 27.31)
0.08 (-1.1 to 1.98) ‡
-4.53 (-17.69 to 29.53)
-4.060 (-5.270 to -2.580)
845.18 (84.09 to 970.0)
0.76 (-2.97 to 14.53)
-5.88 (-14.17 to 4.47)
-1.08 (-1.87 to 0.24) ‡
-8.08 (-13.96 to 3.45) ‡
0.0 (-0.01 to 0.02)
0.500 (-1.500 to 2.510)
-1.570 (-3.190 to 0.390)
-15.99 (-23.93 to -2.63)
0.17 (-1.48 to 1.98)
-3.53 (-12.38 to 11.02)
0.0 (-0.02 to 0.03)
-3.480 (-5.320 to -1.050)
167.67 (-3.0 to 997.0)
6.32 (-1.26 to 45.41) ‡
-7.56 (-18.33 to 21.3)
-1.330 (-2.630 to -0.030) ‡
0.150 (-2.770 to 3.970)
-2.98 (-3.0 to -2.94)
0.01 (-0.02 to 0.04)
-1.590 (-4.050 to 1.710)
145.0 (-3.0 to 996.99)
0.0 (-0.02 to 0.03)
3.2 (-11.63 to 25.18)
16.13 (-0.39 to 73.63)
11.31 (-7.21 to 45.57)
0.01 (0.0 to 0.02)
-0.630 (-2.050 to 0.730)
-2.170 (-3.150 to -1.080)
-7.44 (-16.41 to 4.56)
-0.75 (-2.11 to 1.72)
-3.37 (-12.32 to 11.49)
0.04 (-0.01 to 0.09)
-0.090 (-2.910 to 3.600)
1.12 (-21.84 to 52.47)
835.08 (0.96 to 997.0)
845.59 (1.31 to 980.0)
0.01 (-0.02 to 0.03)
18.75 (-22.29 to 142.63)
0.0 (-0.02 to 0.04)
0.540 (-2.550 to 4.590)
213.37 (-3.0 to 996.99)
47.38 (-16.46 to 231.54)
96.97 (-3.0 to 997.0)
-8.86 (-24.35 to 22.72)
148.38 (-3.0 to 997.0)
3.29 (-12.28 to 34.32)
-0.01 (-0.04 to 0.02)
-0.290 (-1.940 to 1.640)
867.5 (16.67 to 997.0)
91.59 (-16.12 to 621.08)
0.130 (-2.210 to 2.480)
-1.060 (-3.770 to 2.580)
0.08 (-2.8 to 10.04)
-4.99 (-19.5 to 20.49)
-0.7 (-2.21 to 2.14)
-0.68 (-12.94 to 22.18)
0.790 (-1.580 to 3.120)
-10.21 (-20.69 to 7.24)
-1.75 (-2.97 to 2.87)
-0.91 (-15.86 to 34.48)
0.110 (-2.310 to 3.150)
-0.81 (-1.95 to 0.99)
-8.21 (-14.62 to 1.74)
-0.08 (-6.74 to 17.03)
1.38 (-2.51 to 12.11)
0.160 (-2.760 to 4.000)
-4.02 (-11.4 to 5.35)
-0.69 (-1.64 to 0.59)
-6.52 (-12.14 to 1.12)
0.01 (0.0 to 0.02)
-0.400 (-1.800 to 0.950)
-0.690 (-1.660 to 0.370)
-0.66 (-2.0 to 1.53)
-12.46 (-17.53 to -2.98)
-2.57 (-16.79 to 20.62)
1.11 (-0.49 to 3.81)
2.81 (-10.45 to 27.33)
0.04 (0.02 to 0.08)
1.770 (0.340 to 3.190) ‡
4.440 (-0.580 to 12.540) §
-9.82 (-16.66 to -2.28)
-2.23 (-2.78 to -1.19)
-10.96 (-17.36 to 1.69)
0.0 (-0.01 to 0.01)
-2.340 (-3.450 to -1.070)
1.82 (-2.52 to 16.56)
-2.070 (-4.110 to 0.510)
-24.99 (-27.86 to -20.19)
-2.25 (-2.8 to -1.15)
-0.92 (-12.37 to 17.65)
0.0 (-0.02 to 0.02)
-0.500 (-2.620 to 1.430)
0.200 (-2.960 to 4.420)
-2.01 (-2.79 to -0.39)
2.45 (-9.05 to 17.76)
-0.42 (-2.15 to 2.89)
12.99 (-7.78 to 54.25)
0.0 (-0.02 to 0.02)
-7.1 (-8.26 to -4.17)
7.6 (0.27 to 29.03) ‡
-20.93 (-27.79 to -6.69)
-0.71 (-1.75 to 0.87)
-5.82 (-12.53 to 3.0)
0.01 (-0.01 to 0.03)
0.640 (-1.040 to 2.340)
-0.560 (-2.890 to 2.370)
-2.85 (-21.12 to 34.46)
844.0 (-0.15 to 997.0)
0.01 (-0.03 to 0.06)
-0.120 (-1.590 to 1.580)
1.41 (-1.81 to 8.39)
13.7 (-10.93 to 66.38)
0.0 (-0.03 to 0.03)
0.000 (-2.340 to 2.350)
90.33 (-22.39 to 442.64)
-0.24 (-1.88 to 2.81)
5.04 (-7.49 to 25.13)
-5.97 (-8.21 to 0.23)
5.01 (-1.62 to 21.0)
1.79 (-2.57 to 16.59)
-2.410 (-3.850 to -0.710)
0.77 (-1.77 to 5.85)
2.74 (-11.74 to 30.5)
0.0 (-0.04 to 0.04)
-1.570 (-3.310 to 0.030)
313.73 (-3.0 to 997.0)
-0.01 (-0.05 to 0.03)
0.360 (-3.800 to 6.590)