The information presented in the figure below comes from a living network meta-analysis that combines all the available evidence on drug therapies for COVID-19. This statistical approach allows us to obtain estimates of effect for all potential comparisons, even those that have not been compared head-to-head in trials. We present the most trustworthy estimates of absolute effect for all available drug therapies for COVID-19 versus standard care. The colours distinguish between the most beneficial and harmful interventions compared to standard care, while the shading of cells indicates the certainty of the evidence of a particular drug based on the GRADE approach.
High/ moderate certainty
Low certainty
Very low certainty
No Evidence
Among the most
beneficial
Intermediate
benefit
Not convincingly
different
than standard care
Intermediate
harm
Among the most
harmful
Admission to hospital
|
Mortality
|
Mechanical ventilation
|
Adverse events^
|
Venous thromboembolism
|
Clinically important bleeding
|
Length of hospital stay
|
Time to symptom resolution
| |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline risk
|
0.03 per 1000
|
0.003 per 1000
|
0.02 per 1000
|
-
|
0.008 per 1000
|
0.003 per 1000
|
-
|
9 days
|
Minimal important difference
|
10 per 1000
|
10 per 1000
|
15 per 1000
|
20 per 1000
|
20 per 1000
|
20 per 1000
|
1 day
|
1 day
|
(hydroxy)chloroquine
|
ACEi/ARB
|
aspirin
|
aspirin, statins
|
azinc vitality
|
azithromycin
|
azithromycin, hydroxychloroquine
|
colchicine
|
corticosteroids (systemic)
|
doubase C
|
doxycycline
|
doxycycline, ivermectin
|
ensitrelvir
|
favipiravir
|
fluvoxamine
|
fluvoxamine, inhaled corticosteroids
|
HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitor
|
IL6 receptor antagonists
|
inhaled and intranasal corticosteroid
|
inhaled corticosteroids
|
Interferon alpha
|
interferon beta (nebulised)
|
interferon beta (subcutaneous)
|
interferon lambda (subcutaneous)
|
intermediate-dose anticoagulation
|
ivermectin
|
JAK inhibitors
|
lopinavir-ritonavir
|
molnupiravir
|
niclosamide
|
nirmatrelvir-ritonavir
|
P2Y12 inhibitor
|
prophylactic-dose anticoagulation
|
remdesivir
|
serine protease inhibitors
|
statins
|
therapeutic-dose anticoagulation
|
umifenovir
|
vitamin D
|
VV116
|
Admission to hospital | Mortality | Mechanical ventilation | Adverse events^ | Venous thromboembolism | Clinically important bleeding | Length of hospital stay | Time to symptom resolution |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
-1.97 (-11.61 to 11.38)
|
0.15 (-1.03 to 1.59)
|
8.72 (-4.34 to 28.73)
|
0.01 (0.0 to 0.03)
|
-0.610 (-2.180 to 0.570)
|
-0.690 (-1.810 to 0.560)
| ||
0.77 (-1.06 to 3.63)
|
-1.59 (-10.07 to 11.64)
|
-0.170 (-1.820 to 1.620)
| |||||
-5.31 (-17.83 to 13.57)
|
-0.53 (-1.6 to 0.95)
|
-2.27 (-10.54 to 9.67)
|
0.0 (-0.02 to 0.02)
|
0.000 (-2.330 to 2.320)
|
0.700 (-2.410 to 4.820)
| ||
2.05 (-1.56 to 9.66)
|
18.22 (-9.05 to 74.9)
|
0.0 (-0.03 to 0.02)
|
0.330 (-2.020 to 2.680)
| ||||
-13.0 (-27.32 to 26.47)
|
623.08 (-3.0 to 997.0)
|
-19.62 (-20.0 to -16.18)
| |||||
3.07 (-12.27 to 27.31)
|
0.08 (-1.1 to 1.98) ‡
|
-4.53 (-17.69 to 29.53)
|
-4.060 (-5.270 to -2.580)
| ||||
845.18 (84.09 to 970.0)
|
0.76 (-2.97 to 14.53)
| ||||||
-5.88 (-14.17 to 4.47)
|
-1.08 (-1.87 to 0.24) ‡
|
-8.08 (-13.96 to 3.45) ‡
|
0.0 (-0.01 to 0.02)
|
0.500 (-1.500 to 2.510)
|
-1.570 (-3.190 to 0.390)
| ||
-15.99 (-23.93 to -2.63)
|
0.17 (-1.48 to 1.98)
|
-3.53 (-12.38 to 11.02)
|
0.0 (-0.02 to 0.03)
|
-3.480 (-5.320 to -1.050)
| |||
167.67 (-3.0 to 997.0)
| |||||||
6.32 (-1.26 to 45.41) ‡
|
-7.56 (-18.33 to 21.3)
|
-1.330 (-2.630 to -0.030) ‡
|
0.150 (-2.770 to 3.970)
| ||||
-2.98 (-3.0 to -2.94)
|
0.01 (-0.02 to 0.04)
|
-1.590 (-4.050 to 1.710)
| |||||
145.0 (-3.0 to 996.99)
|
0.0 (-0.02 to 0.03)
| ||||||
3.2 (-11.63 to 25.18)
|
16.13 (-0.39 to 73.63)
|
11.31 (-7.21 to 45.57)
|
0.01 (0.0 to 0.02)
|
-0.630 (-2.050 to 0.730)
|
-2.170 (-3.150 to -1.080)
| ||
-7.44 (-16.41 to 4.56)
|
-0.75 (-2.11 to 1.72)
|
-3.37 (-12.32 to 11.49)
|
0.04 (-0.01 to 0.09)
|
-0.090 (-2.910 to 3.600)
| |||
1.12 (-21.84 to 52.47)
|
835.08 (0.96 to 997.0)
|
845.59 (1.31 to 980.0)
|
0.01 (-0.02 to 0.03)
| ||||
18.75 (-22.29 to 142.63)
|
0.0 (-0.02 to 0.04)
|
0.540 (-2.550 to 4.590)
| |||||
213.37 (-3.0 to 996.99)
| |||||||
47.38 (-16.46 to 231.54)
|
96.97 (-3.0 to 997.0)
| ||||||
-8.86 (-24.35 to 22.72)
|
148.38 (-3.0 to 997.0)
|
3.29 (-12.28 to 34.32)
|
-0.01 (-0.04 to 0.02)
|
-0.290 (-1.940 to 1.640)
| |||
867.5 (16.67 to 997.0)
|
91.59 (-16.12 to 621.08)
|
0.130 (-2.210 to 2.480)
|
-1.060 (-3.770 to 2.580)
| ||||
0.08 (-2.8 to 10.04)
| |||||||
-4.99 (-19.5 to 20.49)
|
-0.7 (-2.21 to 2.14)
|
-0.68 (-12.94 to 22.18)
|
0.790 (-1.580 to 3.120)
| ||||
-10.21 (-20.69 to 7.24)
|
-1.75 (-2.97 to 2.87)
|
-0.91 (-15.86 to 34.48)
|
0.110 (-2.310 to 3.150)
| ||||
-0.81 (-1.95 to 0.99)
|
-8.21 (-14.62 to 1.74)
|
-0.08 (-6.74 to 17.03)
|
1.38 (-2.51 to 12.11)
|
0.160 (-2.760 to 4.000)
| |||
-4.02 (-11.4 to 5.35)
|
-0.69 (-1.64 to 0.59)
|
-6.52 (-12.14 to 1.12)
|
0.01 (0.0 to 0.02)
|
-0.400 (-1.800 to 0.950)
|
-0.690 (-1.660 to 0.370)
| ||
-0.66 (-2.0 to 1.53)
|
-12.46 (-17.53 to -2.98)
| ||||||
-2.57 (-16.79 to 20.62)
|
1.11 (-0.49 to 3.81)
|
2.81 (-10.45 to 27.33)
|
0.04 (0.02 to 0.08)
|
1.770 (0.340 to 3.190) ‡
|
4.440 (-0.580 to 12.540) §
| ||
-9.82 (-16.66 to -2.28)
|
-2.23 (-2.78 to -1.19)
|
-10.96 (-17.36 to 1.69)
|
0.0 (-0.01 to 0.01)
|
-2.340 (-3.450 to -1.070)
| |||
1.82 (-2.52 to 16.56)
|
-2.070 (-4.110 to 0.510)
| ||||||
-24.99 (-27.86 to -20.19)
|
-2.25 (-2.8 to -1.15)
|
-0.92 (-12.37 to 17.65)
|
0.0 (-0.02 to 0.02)
|
-0.500 (-2.620 to 1.430)
|
0.200 (-2.960 to 4.420)
| ||
-2.01 (-2.79 to -0.39)
| |||||||
2.45 (-9.05 to 17.76)
|
-0.42 (-2.15 to 2.89)
|
12.99 (-7.78 to 54.25)
|
0.0 (-0.02 to 0.02)
|
-7.1 (-8.26 to -4.17)
|
7.6 (0.27 to 29.03) ‡
| ||
-20.93 (-27.79 to -6.69)
|
-0.71 (-1.75 to 0.87)
|
-5.82 (-12.53 to 3.0)
|
0.01 (-0.01 to 0.03)
|
0.640 (-1.040 to 2.340)
|
-0.560 (-2.890 to 2.370)
| ||
-2.85 (-21.12 to 34.46)
|
844.0 (-0.15 to 997.0)
|
0.01 (-0.03 to 0.06)
|
-0.120 (-1.590 to 1.580)
| ||||
1.41 (-1.81 to 8.39)
|
13.7 (-10.93 to 66.38)
|
0.0 (-0.03 to 0.03)
|
0.000 (-2.340 to 2.350)
| ||||
90.33 (-22.39 to 442.64)
|
-0.24 (-1.88 to 2.81)
|
5.04 (-7.49 to 25.13)
|
-5.97 (-8.21 to 0.23)
|
5.01 (-1.62 to 21.0)
| |||
1.79 (-2.57 to 16.59)
|
-2.410 (-3.850 to -0.710)
| ||||||
0.77 (-1.77 to 5.85)
|
2.74 (-11.74 to 30.5)
|
0.0 (-0.04 to 0.04)
|
-1.570 (-3.310 to 0.030)
| ||||
313.73 (-3.0 to 997.0)
|
-0.01 (-0.05 to 0.03)
|
0.360 (-3.800 to 6.590)
|